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Criminal Justice a Brief Introduction 10th Edition Chapter 2

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  1. 1. Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice A Brief IntroductionA Brief Introduction CHAPTER Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger ELEVENTH EDITION The Crime Picture 2
  2. 2. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger The Collection of Crime DataThe Collection of Crime Data • Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program  A statistical reporting program run by the FBI and publishes Crime in the United States annually • National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)  An annual survey of selected American households
  3. 3. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger The UCR/NIBRS ProgramThe UCR/NIBRS Program • Development of the UCR Program  Approximately 18,000 law enforcement agencies provide crime information to the program.  Original UCR Program included a Crime Index which permitted comparisons over time. continued on next slide
  4. 4. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger The UCR/NIBRS ProgramThe UCR/NIBRS Program • Development of the UCR Program  Murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny- theft, motor vehicle theft, arson (Arson was added to the index in 1979)
  5. 5. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 2-1 The Criminal Justice Funnel Source: Derived from Brian A. Reaves, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 2009 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013), and updated with estimates by the author.
  6. 6. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger The National Incident-BasedThe National Incident-Based Reporting SystemReporting System • Development initiated in 1988 • A significant redesign of the original UCR Program • Incident-driven, not summary-based • Gathers many details about each criminal incident continued on next slide
  7. 7. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger The National Incident-BasedThe National Incident-Based Reporting SystemReporting System • Includes 22 general offenses • FBI began accepting crime data in NIBRS format in January 1989. • The NIBRS format has not been fully adopted. • Attempting to enhance the quantity, quality, and timeliness of crime-data collection by law enforcement agencies
  8. 8. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Differences between Traditional UCR andDifferences between Traditional UCR and Enhanced UCR/NIBRS ReportingEnhanced UCR/NIBRS Reporting UCR • Consists of monthly aggregate crime counts Enhanced UCR/NIBRS • Consists of individual incident records for the 8 major crimes and 38 other offenses, with details on offense, victim, offender, and property involved continued on next slide
  9. 9. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Differences between Traditional UCR andDifferences between Traditional UCR and Enhanced UCR/NIBRS ReportingEnhanced UCR/NIBRS Reporting UCR • Records one offense per incident, as determined by the hierarchy rule, which suppresses counts of lesser offenses in multiple-offense incidents Enhanced UCR/NIBRS • Records each offense occurring in anincident
  10. 10. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Historical TrendsHistorical Trends • The first shift occurred in the early 1940s.  There was a decrease in crime due to the large number of young men who entered military service during World War II. continued on next slide
  11. 11. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Historical TrendsHistorical Trends • The second shift was between 1960 and the early 1990s.  Postwar baby boomers reaching crime- prone age  Growing professionalization of some police departments resulted in greater and more accurate data collection continued on next slide
  12. 12. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Historical TrendsHistorical Trends • The second shift was between 1960 and the early 1990s.  Increase in drug-related criminal activity  Crime rates peaked during the early 1990s continued on next slide
  13. 13. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Historical TrendsHistorical Trends • The third shift was between 1991 and 2009.  Decrease in crime  Sentencing reform  Growth in the use of incarceration  "War on drugs"  Advances in forensic science technology continued on next slide
  14. 14. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Historical TrendsHistorical Trends • A fourth shift in crime trends seems to be starting now.  PERF reports  "The reentry explosion"  "The lengthening shadow of illegal immigration"  "The sprawling parentless neighborhood of the Internet"
  15. 15. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger UCR/NIBRS in TransitionUCR/NIBRS in Transition • Violent crimes  (Also called personal crimes) include murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault • Property crimes are motor vehicle theft, burglary, arson, and larceny-theft. • Clearance rate  Proportion of reported crimes that have been "solved"
  16. 16. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Murder  The unlawful killing of a human being  Smallest numerical category in Part I offenses  Firearms are the weapons most often used.  The offender is usually at least an acquaintance. continued on next slide
  17. 17. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Forcible Rape  The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will • Sexual battery  The intentional and wrongful physical contact with a person, without consent continued on next slide
  18. 18. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Date Rape  Forced sexual intercourse that occurs within the context of a dating relationship • Most rapes are committed by acquaintances. continued on next slide
  19. 19. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Robbery  The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear • Individuals are the most common target of robbers. continued on next slide
  20. 20. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Robbery  The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear • UCR/NIBRS Program scores a robbery as one robbery, even if multiple victims in one event. continued on next slide
  21. 21. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Assault  Inflicting injury upon the person of another continued on next slide
  22. 22. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Aggravated Assault  Inflicting serious injury upon the person of another • Most frequent in the summer months • Most aggravated assaults are committed with blunt objects or objects near at hand. continued on next slide
  23. 23. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Burglary  The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft • Burglars usually do not know their victims. continued on next slide
  24. 24. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Larceny-Theft  The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property from the possession of another • The most common of the eight major offenses continued on next slide
  25. 25. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Motor Vehicle Theft  Self-propelled vehicles that run on the ground and not on rails • Most insurance companies require police reports before they will reimburse car owners for their losses continued on next slide
  26. 26. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part I OffensesPart I Offenses • Arson  Any willful or malicious burning, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling, public building, motor vehicle, etc.
  27. 27. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Part II OffensesPart II Offenses • Less serious than Part I offenses • Include a number of social-order (a.k.a. "victimless") crimes
  28. 28. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger The National Crime VictimizationThe National Crime Victimization SurveySurvey • Designed to estimate the occurrence of all crimes, whether reported or not • First conducted in 1972 • Dark figure of crime  Crimes that are not reported to the police
  29. 29. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Comparisons of the UCR and theComparisons of the UCR and the NCVSNCVS • Problems with the UCR/NIBRS  Not all people report when they are victimized.  Certain kinds of crimes are reported rarely, if at all.  Victims' reports may not be entirely accurate.  Inaccuracies may enter the data as it is filtered through a number of levels. continued on next slide
  30. 30. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Comparisons of the UCR and theComparisons of the UCR and the NCVSNCVS • Issues with the NCVS  Respondents relate events which may or may not have been crimes.  Some victims are afraid to report crimes, even to non-police interviewers.  Details about the crimes come directly from the victim with no attempt to validate the information against police records or any other source.
  31. 31. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Special Categories of CrimeSpecial Categories of Crime • Crime Typology  A classification of crimes along a particular dimension • Crime against women  Men are more often the victims of violent crime.  However, when women are victims of violent crime, they are more likely than men to be injured. continued on next slide
  32. 32. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Special Categories of CrimeSpecial Categories of Crime • Stalking  Repeated harassing and threatening behavior which may be planned or carried out in secret
  33. 33. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Violence against Women ActViolence against Women Act (VAWA)(VAWA) • Violence against Women Act (VAWA) 1994  Educate police, prosecutors, and judges about the special needs of female victims  Encourage pro-arrest policies in cases of domestic abuse continued on next slide
  34. 34. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Violence against Women ActViolence against Women Act (VAWA)(VAWA) • Violence against Women Act (VAWA) 1994  Provide specialized services for female victims  Fund battered women's shelters
  35. 35. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Crime Against the ElderlyCrime Against the Elderly • In general, elderly crime victims are more likely than younger victims to:  Be victims of property crime.  Report their victimization to the police.  Be physically injured.
  36. 36. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Hate CrimeHate Crime • Hate Crime  A criminal offense committed against a person that is motivated by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin continued on next slide
  37. 37. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Hate CrimeHate Crime • Most hate crimes consist of intimidation. • Hate crimes may also involve vandalism, simple assault, and/or aggravated assault.
  38. 38. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Corporate and White-Collar CrimeCorporate and White-Collar Crime • Identification doctrine  Corporations treated as separate legal entities • Can be convicted of violations of criminal law continued on next slide
  39. 39. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Corporate and White-Collar CrimeCorporate and White-Collar Crime • Corporate crime  A violation of criminal statute by a corporate entity or by its executives, employees, or agents for the benefit of the corporation continued on next slide
  40. 40. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Corporate and White-Collar CrimeCorporate and White-Collar Crime • White-Collar Crime  Violations of criminal law committed by persons of respectability in the course of their occupation
  41. 41. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Organized CrimeOrganized Crime • Organized Crime  The unlawful activities of the members of a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods or services • Transnational Organized Crime  Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries
  42. 42. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Gun CrimeGun Crime • Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act 1994 • Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 1994 • Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban 1996 • Protection of Lawful Commerce in Firearms Act 2005
  43. 43. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger Drug CrimeDrug Crime • White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) estimates annual illicit drug sales in the United States of around $65 billion. • Drug law violations continue to increase.
  44. 44. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger High-Technology and ComputerHigh-Technology and Computer CrimeCrime • Computer Crime  Any crime perpetuated through the use of computer technology  Information piracy and forgery  Dissemination of offensive materials
  45. 45. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e Frank Schmalleger TerrorismTerrorism • A violent act or an act dangerous to human life in violation of the criminal laws of the U. S. or of any state, committed to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives

Criminal Justice a Brief Introduction 10th Edition Chapter 2

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